What is Unemployment
Unemployment takes place when people have no jobs and they are willing and seeking for work. Some People give importance to the number of unemployed individuals but Economists focus on rate of unemployment which can be measure as dividing unemployed workers divided by all individuals in the labor force.
Unemployment Rates = Unemployed Workers / Total Labour Force
The International Labor Organization (ILO) describes 4 different methods for calculation of unemployment rate.
- Labour Force Sample Surveys
- Official Estimates
- Social Insurance Statistics
- Employment Office Statistics
Types of Unemployment
Below are the types of unemployment
- Normal, Transitional Unemployment
- Casual and Seasonal Unemployment
- Frictional Unemployment
- Structural Unemployment
- Cyclical Unemployment
1. Normal, Transitional Unemployment
According to economists this exists at all times at a rate of 2-3 percent and harms no one. For individuals or groups, it lasts for a few months when people move from job to job for better wages or wait for better opportunities.
2. Casual and Seasonal Unemployment
Some occupations are adversely affected by weather conditions and workers in these trades expect a certain amount of casual unemployment. Seasonal unemployment often occurs in agriculture, dockyard, hotels, restaurants and construction business. Such unemployment is inevitable and tends to be overcome by casual labour.
3. Frictional Unemployment
This type of unemployment exists because of friction in the labour market. Jobs may exists but people do not go to take up jobs away from home for domestic reasons such as children’s education, family and friendly ties and, housing problem in a new place.
4. Structural Unemployment
It is caused by a change in the demand for the products of a given industry. The closing of the particular industry may cause structural changes in the nation’s industry as a whole. If labour is specific, it is immobile between industries and unemployment results. The pace of modern technology is so fast that it makes past techniques obsolete, causing unemployment in old industries.
5. Cyclical Unemployment
Both external and internal factors such as wars, strikes, population changes, political disturbances, floods, droughts, changes in consumption patterns, investment, savings, spending, supply of credit, business outlook etc. bring about this type of unemployment. This type of unemployment was a serious problem before the Second World War. Now it has been largely mastered by Government activity to control the development of cycles.
Causes of Unemployment
In todays modern economy many factors contribute to unemployment. Unemployment causes are varied and due to the following factors
- Inflation
- Disability
- Recessions
- Rapid changes in technology
- Attitude towards employers
- Perception of employees
- Employee values
- Discriminating Factors like ethnicity, race, age etc. in work place